He described the measures, which came into effect overnight, as "psychological warfare" which aimed to "sow division among Iranians".
The sanctions take aim at various sectors, with further punitive action planned against Iran's oil trade.
The European Union has spoken out against the measures, vowing to protect firms doing "legitimate business".
It follows the US withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, also known as the Iran nuclear deal, earlier this year.
The deal, negotiated during the presidency of Barack Obama, saw Iran limit its controversial nuclear activities in exchange for sanctions relief.
Mr Trump says the deal is "one-sided" and he believes renewed economic pressure will force Iran to agree to a new deal and end its "malign" activities.
What are the sanctions?
US President Donald Trump signed an executive order which brought sanctions back into place at 00:01 EDT (04:01 GMT) on Tuesday. They target:
The purchase or acquisition of US banknotes by Iran's government
Iran's trade in gold and other precious metals
Graphite, aluminium, steel, coal, and software used in industrial processes
Transactions related to the Iranian rial currency
Activities relating to Iran's issuance of sovereign debt
Iran's automotive sector
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